"if you're coming down the Snake River, to where it joins the Columbia, there are lots of kinds of people there. There are Palouse and Wanapomb and Snake River Nez Perce, there are Wallula-pomb, Waletpuu, Ematellum, various nations and bands of the Yakimas, and it's recorded in the journals, that they hear three languages at least. Now what they probably heard were anywhere from six to nine dialects of Sahapton, Nimipu-tempke, the Nez Perce language, this is a crossroads, this is a confluence of cultures and rivers and languages and lots of trade." (Bobbie Conner interview 2003)

All interviews conducted by the Lifelong Learning Project, Continuing Education, The University of Montana, 2001-2004.